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Uop Llc patents
Recent patent applications related to Uop Llc. Uop Llc is listed as an Agent/Assignee. Note: Uop Llc may have other listings under different names/spellings. We're not affiliated with Uop Llc, we're just tracking patents.
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Measuring and determining hot spots in slide valves for petrochemical plants or refineries
. . . . A plant or refinery may include equipment such as condensers, regenerators, distillation columns, pumps, slide valves, or the like. Different operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, thereby prolonging equipment life, extending production operating time, or providing other benefits. ... Uop Llc
Early prediction and detection of slide valve sticking in petrochemical plants or refineries
A plant or refinery may include equipment such as condensers, regenerators, distillation columns, pumps, slide valves, or the like. Different operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, thereby prolonging equipment life, extending production operating time, or providing other benefits. ... Uop Llc
Operating slide valves in petrochemical plants or refineries
A plant or refinery may include equipment such as condensers, regenerators, distillation columns, pumps, slide valves, or the like. Different operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, thereby prolonging equipment life, extending production operating time, or providing other benefits. ... Uop Llc
Method and apparatus for catalyst sampling
The present subject matter relates generally to methods and an apparatus for catalyst sampling for measuring and testing. More specifically, the present subject matter relates to methods for sampling a catalyst where solid material samplers are used in between reactors or regeneration zones to gain knowledge of the state of the catalyst at different points in the hydrocarbon conversion process.. ... Uop Llc
Olefin and btx production using aliphatic cracking reactor
A process and apparatus for making aromatics are described. The process includes reforming a naphtha stream in a reforming zone to form a reformer effluent comprising aromatic compounds and non-aromatic compounds, wherein at least a portion of the aromatic compounds contain alkyl groups. ... Uop Llc
Process for removing sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon streams
A process is presented for the removal of contaminants like sulfur compounds from hydrocarbons. The sulfur compounds are removed from hydrocarbons that may be a feed to cracking units. ... Uop Llc
Process for improving propylene recovery from fcc recovery unit
The present subject matter relates generally to processes for propylene recovery. More specifically, the present subject matter relates to processes for enhanced recovery of propylene and liquid petroleum gas (lpg) from the fuel gas produced in fluid catalytic cracking (fcc) units by minimizing the light ends and propylene in the unstabilized gasoline which is used as lean oil for the primary absorber of the fcc gas concentration unit.. ... Uop Llc
Catalyst having a modified silicon carbide support and its use as a hydrogenation catalyst
Impure aromatic carboxylic acids such as are obtained by liquid phase oxidation of feed materials comprising aromatic compounds with substituent groups oxidizable to carboxylic acid groups, or comprising aromatic carboxylic acid and one or more aromatic carbonyl impurities that form hydrogenated species more soluble in aqueous solvents or with less color or color-forming tendencies than the aromatic carbonyl impurity, are purified to an aromatic carboxylic acid product with lower levels of impurities by a process comprising contacting an aqueous solution comprising the impure aromatic carboxylic acid with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure with an attrition-resistance, acid stable catalyst composition comprising at least one hydrogenation catalyst metal and a support comprising relatively high surface area of high porosity silicon carbide with low levels of iron and alkali metal impurities. The support may further contain titanium or rare earth metals.. ... Uop Llc
Processes for increasing the overall aromatics and xylenes yield in an aromatics complex
The present subject matter describes processes for increasing overall aromatics and xylenes yield in an aromatics complex. More specifically, the process for increasing overall aromatics and xylenes yield in an aromatics complex accomplishes the increased yields by incorporating an a8-a10 isomerization step into the aromatics complex. ... Uop Llc
Ionic liquid catalyst treating system
A process removing ionic liquid from a process stream is described. The process stream is introduced into a coalescer to form an ionic liquid stream and a first treated process stream which has less ionic liquid than the process stream. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for olefin saturation in an aromatics complex
Process and apparatuses for producing benzene and para-xylene from a reformate stream is provided. The process comprises separating the reformate stream to provide a first stream comprising c4 and lighter hydrocarbons and a second stream comprising aromatic hydrocarbons. ... Uop Llc
Processes for removing nitriles from a feed to an oligomerization zone
Processes for regenerating adsorbent in a nitrile removal zone. The regenerant comprises a stream of hot liquid that may comprise a portion of the oligomerized effluent or a portion of a hydrotreated effluent. ... Uop Llc
Transition metal molybdotungsten oxy-hydroxide
A hydroprocessing catalyst has been developed. The catalyst is formed from a unique transition metal molybdotungsten oxy-hydroxide material. ... Uop Llc
Organo-1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane compounds
Novel 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts are described. These compounds can be used as structure directing agents, and they overcome many of the typical problems associated with osda synthesis and subsequent zeolite synthesis. ... Uop Llc
Organo-1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane compounds
Novel 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts are described. These compounds can be used as structure directing agents, and they overcome many of the typical problems associated with osda synthesis and subsequent zeolite synthesis. ... Uop Llc
Multi-stage selective hydrogenation process for processing of butadiene extraction unit
A process is present for increasing the yields of 1,3 butadiene. The process includes recovering 1,3 butadiene from a cracking unit that generates a crude c4 stream. ... Uop Llc
Two-bed paraffin to olefin enhancement process
A process is presented for the purification of an olefins feed stream to a benzene alkylation unit. The process removes heavy aromatics in a two adsorbent unit system. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses wherein a toluene methylation zone is integrated within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene thus allowing no benzene byproduct to be produced. ... Uop Llc
Vertical separation vessel for ionic liquid catalyzed effluent
A separation vessel for separating an effluent stream that comprises a mixture of hydrocarbons and ionic liquid. The separation vessels may be vertically orientated. ... Uop Llc
Reactor system for use with an ionic liquid catalyst
Reactor systems for use with ionic liquid catalyst. The reactor systems include one or more stages, which include a reactor and a heat exchanger, and a separation zone. ... Uop Llc
Fired heater apparatus and method of selecting an apparatus arrangement
Radiant fired heaters used with reactors are described. The apparatus includes at least two sets of radiant fired heaters, the first set being at a second height less than the first height. ... Uop Llc
Copper adsorbent for gas purification
Copper adsorbents which are resistant to the reduction by the components of the synthesis gas at normal operation conditions. The adsorbents are produced by admixing small amounts of an inorganic halide, such as nacl, to the basic copper carbonate precursor followed by calcination at a temperature sufficient to decompose the carbonate. ... Uop Llc
Staged hydrotreating and hydrocracking process and apparatus
An apparatus and process is disclosed for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon feed stream following hydrotreating the feed stream. A separator removes diesel and lower boiling materials in a hydrotreated stream before a hydrocracking reactor, so only liquid materials heavier than diesel are hydrocracked in a hydrocracking reactor. ... Uop Llc
Catalyst staging in catalytic reaction process
A reforming process is described. The reforming process includes introducing a hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons having 5 to 12 carbon atoms into a reforming zone containing reforming catalyst, the reforming zone comprising at least two reformers, each reformer having a set of reforming operating conditions, to produce a reformate effluent, wherein the last reformer contains less catalyst than the next to the last reformer.. ... Uop Llc
Process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds
A process and apparatus for oxidizing thiol compounds from an alkaline stream. The process includes passing a thiol rich alkaline stream and an oxygen containing gas to a low pressure oxidizing zone to oxidize at least a portion of the thiol compounds to disulfide compounds. ... Uop Llc
Process for recovering heat from a hydrocarbon separation
Systems and processes for heat recovery associated with the separation of hydrocarbon components. Two compressors are used to compress a portion of an overhead vapor stream from a fractionation column. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for hydrocracking a residue stream in two stages with aromatic saturation
A process and apparatus for two stage hydrocracking of resid feed saturates aromatics including pna's from the first stage hydrocracking unit to prevent production of hpna's. The saturated aromatics including pna's can be hydrocracked in the second stage to minimize or eliminate purged unconverted oil to approach or obtain maximum conversion. ... Uop Llc
Olefin and btx production using aliphatic cracking and dealkylation reactor
A process and apparatus for making olefins and aromatics are described. The process includes reforming a naphtha stream in a reforming unit to produce a reformer effluent stream comprising aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds, wherein at least a portion of the aromatic compounds contain alkyl groups. ... Uop Llc
Aliphatic cracking and dealkylation with hydrogen diluent
A naphtha cracking feed stream is taken, heated and passed to a cracking reactor. Hydrogen is added to the cracking reactor to mitigate catalyst deactivation. ... Uop Llc
Process to convert aliphatics and alkylaromatics to light olefins with acidic catalyst
The process for producing light olefins comprises the steps of contacting a feed stream comprising c4 to c11 hydrocarbons having at least 10 wt % paraffins and at least 15 wt % alkylaromatics with an acidic catalyst to form a cracked product comprising light olefins and aromatics. The catalyst comprises about 30 to about 80 wt-% of a crystalline zeolite and a low-acidic binder and may be regenerated.. ... Uop Llc
Process for producing diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene
A process for the production of diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene without the need of a propane-propylene fractionation column has been developed. The process involves (1) reacting a high purity propylene feedstock and water to produce isopropyl alcohol in a reactor and reacting the isopropyl alcohol with propylene to produce diisopropyl ether in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin catalyst and a c4 diluent to generate a reactor effluent stream containing at least water, isopropyl alcohol, diisopropyl ether, propylene, and acid, (2) passing the reactor effluent to an acid removal zone to produce an acid-depleted stream, (3) dividing the acid-depleted stream into two portions, (4) recycling a portion to the reactor (5) purging a portion to prevent propane build-up and (6) recovering product diisopropyl alcohol.. ... Uop Llc
Process for producing diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene
A process for the production of diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene without the need of a propane-propylene fractionation column has been developed. The process involves (1) reacting a high purity propylene feedstock and water to produce isopropyl alcohol in a reactor and reacting the isopropyl alcohol with propylene to produce diisopropyl ether in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin catalyst and a propane diluent to generate a reactor effluent stream containing at least water, isopropyl alcohol, diisopropyl ether, propylene, and acid, (2) passing the reactor effluent to an acid removal zone to produce an acid-depleted stream, (3) dividing the acid-depleted stream into two portions, (4) recycling a portion to the reactor (5) allowing propane to build-up to an amount sufficient to operate as a diluent and (6) recovering product diisopropyl alcohol.. ... Uop Llc
Process for producing diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene
A process for the production of diisopropyl ether from high purity propylene without the need of a propane-propylene fractionation column has been developed. The process involves (1) reacting a high purity propylene feedstock and water to produce isopropyl alcohol in a reactor and reacting the isopropyl alcohol with propylene to produce diisopropyl ether in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin catalyst and a c4 diluent to generate a reactor effluent stream containing at least water, isopropyl alcohol, diisopropyl ether, propylene, and acid, (2) passing the reactor effluent to an acid removal zone to produce an acid-depleted stream, (3) dividing the acid-depleted stream into two portions, (4) recycling a portion to the reactor (5) purging a portion to prevent propane build-up and (6) recovering product diisopropyl alcohol.. ... Uop Llc
Fcc counter-current regenerator with a regenerator riser
A counter-current catalyst regenerator with at least two stages of counter-current contact along with a regenerator riser is proposed. Each stage may comprise a permeable barrier that allows upward passage of oxygen-containing gas and downward passage of coked catalyst into each stage, but inhibits upward movement of catalyst to mitigate back mixing and approximate true counter-current contact and efficient combustion of coke from catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Fcc counter-current regenerator with a regenerator riser
A counter-current catalyst regenerator with at least two stages of counter-current contact along with a regenerator riser is proposed. Each stage may comprise a permeable barrier that allows upward passage of oxygen-containing gas and downward passage of coked catalyst into each stage, but inhibits upward movement of catalyst to mitigate back mixing and approximate true counter-current contact and efficient combustion of coke from catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Trim bed for adsorption separation zone
Methods for operating an adsorption separation zone are described. A trim bed is used with two adsorption beds in a swing bed arrangement. ... Uop Llc
Processes for producing a fuel range hydrocarbon and a lubricant base oil
. . . . Apparatuses and processes for producing at least one lubricant base oil and at least one hydrocarbon fuel range product. A deasphalted oil and a vgo stream and passed to a first hydroprocessing zone. ... Uop Llc
Process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds and subsequent separation in a single vessel
One exemplary embodiment can be a process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds from an alkaline stream. The process may include passing a mixed stream having the alkaline stream to a vessel having an oxidation section, a separation section and a vent gas section. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene wherein an embodiment uses a riser reactor, another embodiment uses a pre-reactor producing dimethyl ether, and another embodiment uses partial regeneration of the catalyst.. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene wherein an embodiment uses a riser reactor, another embodiment uses a pre-reactor producing dimethyl ether, and another embodiment uses partial regeneration of the catalyst.. ... Uop Llc
Removal of feed treatment units in aromatics complex designs
Processes and apparatuses for producing para-xylenes are provided. The processes comprises providing a reformate stream comprising aromatic hydrocarbons to a reformate splitter to provide a reformate bottoms stream and a reformate overhead stream. ... Uop Llc
Removal of feed treatment units in aromatics complex designs
Processes and apparatuses for producing para-xylenes are provided. The processes comprises providing a reformate stream comprising aromatic hydrocarbons to a reformate splitter to provide a reformate bottoms stream and a reformate overhead stream. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for methylation of aromatics in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for benzene and/or toluene methylation under conditions of low temperatures in one of a vapor phase, a liquid phase or a mixed vapor-liquid phase, in an aromatics complex for producing para-xylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a process is provided for producing a xylene isomer comprising reacting oxygenates with an aromatic feedstock comprising toluene and/or benzene in a methylation zone operating under alkylation conditions including one of a vapor, a liquid phase or a mixed vapor-liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst to provide a product stream comprising the xylene isomer.. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene wherein an embodiment uses a riser reactor, another embodiment uses a pre-reactor producing dimethyl ether, and another embodiment uses partial regeneration of the catalyst.. ... Uop Llc
Digestion of elemental sulfur in bioreactor during biological oxidation of sulfide in wastewater and groundwater
A method is presented for biological removal of contaminants like sulfide from ground waters and industrial waters. A fixed film compartmentalized bioreactor or bioreactors are used to convert sulfide to elemental sulfur and the subsequent conversion of the elemental sulfur to sulfates. ... Uop Llc
Process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds and subsequent separation in a single vessel
One exemplary embodiment can be a process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds from an alkaline stream. The process may include passing a mixed stream having the alkaline stream to a vessel having an oxidation section, a separation section and a vent gas section. ... Uop Llc
Process for managing sulfur on catalyst in a light paraffin dehydrogenation process
A process is presented for the management of sulfur on a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. ... Uop Llc
Crystalline bis-ammonia transition metal molybdotungstate
A unique crystalline bis-ammonia transition metal molybdotungstate material has been developed. The material may be used as a hydroprocessing catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Process for managing sulfur on catalyst in a light paraffin dehydrogenation process
A process is presented for the management of sulfur on a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. ... Uop Llc
Process for managing sulfur on catalyst in a light paraffin dehydrogenation process
A process is presented for the management of sulfur on a catalyst. The catalyst is a dehydrogenation catalyst, and sulfur accumulates during the dehydrogenation process. ... Uop Llc
Mercaptan management in selective hydrodesulfurization of fcc naphtha
A process for reducing the sulfur content of fcc naphtha is described. The process includes introducing a fcc naphtha feed to a selective hydrogenation zone to form a hydrogenated feed. ... Uop Llc
Processes for stabilizing a liquid hydrocarbon stream
One or more processes for stabilizing a hydrocarbon stream. An unstabilized hydrocarbon stream comprising c5+ hydrocarbons and including some butane, propane and ethane, may be passed to a first separation zone. ... Uop Llc
Composition and process for removing chlorides from a gaseous stream
A composition capable of removing chlorides from a gaseous stream and a process of using same. The compositions have sufficient chloride capacity, offer comparable creation of green oil, and have sufficient structural integrity to be utilized as sorbents in a chloride removal process. ... Uop Llc
Processes for producing a natural gas stream
Processes for separating a natural gas stream from a liquid hydrocarbon stream. After being cooled, a feed stream may be separated in a first separation zone, into a gaseous stream and a liquid stream. ... Uop Llc
Process for reconfiguring existing treating units in a refinery
Processes for converting existing refinery units and equipment to enable processing of renewable triglyceride feedstock to provide hydrocarbon fuels. Originally, the existing refinery units may have bene configured as hydrotreating, hydrocracking, fixed bed reforming, or isomerization units for a petroleum based feedstock. ... Uop Llc
Modified hf alkylation reaction zone for ionic liquid alkylation
An alkylation process and apparatus are described. The alkylation process includes pre-mixing a paraffin stream with an ionic liquid catalyst stream from a settler. ... Uop Llc
Oxidation catalyst and processes for using same
A catalytic composition and process for using same. The catalyst may be utilized for an oxidation reaction, for example, for the conversion of mercaptans to disulfides. ... Uop Llc
High selectivity chemically cross-linked rubbery membranes and their use for separations
A novel chemically cross-linked rubbery polymeric thin film composite (tfc) membrane comprising a selective layer of a chemically cross-linked rubbery polymer supported by a porous support membrane formed from a glassy polymer has been developed. The chemically cross-linked rubbery polymeric thin film composite (tfc) membrane comprising a selective layer of a chemically cross-linked rubbery polymer supported by a porous support membrane formed from a glassy polymer may be used to separate at least one component from another.. ... Uop Llc
High flux, cross-linked, fumed silica reinforced polyorganosiloxane membranes for separations
A novel high flux, cross-linked, fumed silica reinforced polyorganosiloxane thin film composite (tfc) membrane comprising a selective layer of a high flux, cross-linked, fumed silica reinforced polyorganosiloxane polymer supported by a porous support membrane formed from a glassy polymer has been developed. The novel high flux, cross-linked, fumed silica reinforced polyorganosiloxane thin film composite (tfc) membrane may be used to separate at least one component from another.. ... Uop Llc
Multiple membrane separation process using glassy polymeric membrane and rubbery polymeric membrane
Combining the features of a glassy polymeric membrane and a rubbery polymeric membrane into a multiple membrane system provides a system having the advantages of both of the types of membranes. The membranes may be in any order in the system and multiple glassy polymeric membranes and multiple rubbery polymeric membranes may be used. ... Uop Llc
Clip for securing vessel internals and method of assembly
A clip assembly for holding down a member in a vessel comprising a clip comprising a first panel comprising a tab extending from the first panel and a protrusion extending from the first panel, and a second panel integral with and normal to the first panel for engaging the member. A wall in the vessel comprises a cut-out adapted to receive the tab and a recess disposed laterally to the cut-out and adapted to receive the protrusion upon inserting the tab into the cut-out and sliding the tab in the cut-out laterally with respect to the recess. ... Uop Llc
Processes and systems for controlling cooling fluid in an ionic liquid reactor system with a heat exchanger
Processes for controlling the rate and temperature of cooling fluid through a heat exchange zone in, for example, an alkylation reactor using an ionic liquid catalyst. A cooling fluid system may be used to provide the cooling fluid which includes a chiller and a reservoir. ... Uop Llc
Synthesis of non-cyclic amide and thioamide based ionic liquids
Non-cyclic amide or thioamide based ionic liquids and methods of making them are disclosed. The non-cyclic amide or thioamide based ionic liquid comprises a cation and an anion and has the formula:. ... Uop Llc
Alkylation processes using liquid lewis acid catalysts
An alkylation process is described. The alkylation process includes contacting a feed comprising a paraffin or an aromatic with an olefin feed in the presence of a liquid lewis acid catalyst in an alkylation reaction zone under alkylation conditions to form a reaction mixture comprising alkylation products and the liquid lewis acid catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Hydrocarbon conversion processes using non-cyclic amide and thioamide based ionic liquids
A hydrocarbon conversion process is described. The process involves contacting a hydrocarbon feed with a non-cyclic amide or thioamide based ionic liquid catalyst in a reaction zone under reaction conditions to form a mixture comprising reaction products, and the non-cyclic amide or thioamide based ionic liquid catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Methods and apparatuses for fuel gas conditioning via membranes
A method for conditioning natural gas into fuel gas, where the method includes the step of: delivering a natural gas stream including both co2 and c2+ hydrocarbons to a membrane separation assembly; and separating the natural gas stream into the following streams: (i) a first permeate stream, (ii) a second permeate stream, and (iii) a residual stream. The first permeate stream includes co2 removed from the natural gas stream. ... Uop Llc
Temperature swing adsorption process and apparatus with closed loop regeneration
A temperature swing adsorption apparatuses and process is disclosed comprising passing a feed stream to a first adsorption bed to adsorb one or more contaminants from the feed stream to produce a product stream. A regeneration gas separator overhead stream is passed to a second adsorption bed to provide a second adsorption bed effluent stream. ... Uop Llc
Chemical refinery performance optimization
Processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses wherein a toluene methylation zone is integrated within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene thus allowing no benzene byproduct to be produced. ... Uop Llc
Cleansing system for a feed composition based on environmental factors
A cleansing system for improving operation of a petrochemical plant or refinery. The petrochemical plant or refinery may include a fractionation column, a condenser, and a pump. ... Uop Llc
Processes for producing a fuel from a renewable feedstock
Processes for the production of transportation fuel from a renewable feedstock. A catalyst is used which is more selective to hydrodeoxygenate the fatty acid side chains compared to decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions. ... Uop Llc
Flexible hydroprocessing of slurry hydrocracking products
Processes for hydrotreating an effluent from a slurry hydrocracking process are described. Different streams are formed from the shc effluent, and different hydroprocessing conditions are applied to the streams, e.g., more severe conditions are applied to streams which need additional hydroprocessing, while less severe conditions are applied to streams which do not need as much hydroprocessing. ... Uop Llc
Removal of sulfur from naphtha
A process and apparatus for reducing the sulfur content of naphtha. The process includes introducing at least a portion of a naphtha feed stream to a selective hydrodesulfurization zone under selective hydrodesulfurization conditions in the presence of a selective hydrodesulfurization catalyst to form a low sulfur stream which contains mercaptan and thiophene compounds. ... Uop Llc
Process for removing oxygenates from naphtha
A process is presented for the removal of contaminants like oxygenates from hydrocarbons. The contaminant oxygenates are removed from hydrocarbons that may be feed to cracking units. ... Uop Llc
Processes for stripping contaminants from multiple effluent streams
Processes for combining the stripping sections for two different reaction zones, such as a diesel hydrotreating zone and a naphtha hydrotreating zone. The stripping section includes an air cooler, a combined overhead receiver and two different separation sections. ... Uop Llc
Use of membrane for oxidative-dehydrogenation process
A process is presented for the dehydrogenation of paraffins. The process utilizes heated air for the combustion of a fuel within the dehydrogenation reactor to provide the heat of reaction for oxidative dehydrogenation. ... Uop Llc
Process for regenerating catalyst particles
A process for regenerating catalyst particles is disclosed. The process includes the steps: (a) withdrawing a regeneration zone effluent comprising halogen from a regeneration zone, wherein the regeneration zone contains catalyst particles comprising halogen; (b) contacting a first portion of the regeneration zone effluent with adsorbent in a first adsorption zone, removing halogen from the first portion of the regeneration zone effluent, and withdrawing from the first adsorption zone a first adsorption zone effluent; (c) contacting the first adsorption zone effluent with a water removing material to create a first water-depleted stream; and (d) passing the first water-depleted stream to the regeneration zone. ... Uop Llc
Apparatus and process for contacting catalyst with a gas and reduction
A process and apparatus is disclosed for distributing a gas stream into a downwardly flowing catalyst stream in a vessel by feeding the gas stream into a center of the vessel or the catalyst stream into a hollow cap. The gas stream enters the cap and exits the cap flowing upwardly to contact the catalyst stream.. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for removing contaminants from hydrogen streams
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for removing contaminants from hydrogen streams. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses wherein hydrogen is used in units that utilize catalysts that are sensitive to oxygenates. ... Uop Llc
Heat exchangers for low temperature carbon dioxide separation from natural gas
A reboiler in fluid communication with a fractionator column in an offshore low temperature process removing carbon dioxide from natural gas has a vessel volume. A carbon steel tubing bundle is disposed within the vessel volume. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for production of aromatic products
. . . . Processes and apparatuses for producing a c8 aromatic isomer product are provided. The apparatus comprises an isomerization unit to provide an isomerized stream. ... Uop Llc
Methods and apparatuses for an integrated isomerization and platforming process
The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems for reforming and isomerizing hydrocarbons. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a novel combination of two traditionally separate reforming and isomerization reaction zones. ... Uop Llc
Interactive diagnostic system and method for managing process model analysis
A diagnostic system is provided for diagnosing a process of a plant, using a computing device. A detection unit automatically detects a faulty condition of the process based on a plurality of readings of parameters or measurements associated with the faulty condition for alerting an operator. ... Uop Llc
Interactive petrochemical plant diagnostic system and method for chemical process model analysis
A petrochemical plant or refinery may include equipment such as pumps, compressors, valves, exchangers, columns, adsorbers, or the like. Some petrochemical plants or refineries may include one or more sensors configured to collect operation information of the equipment in the plant or refinery. ... Uop Llc
Method for density measurement using multiple sensors
A process for on-line density measurement for a hydrocarbon fluid. The hydrocarbon fluid is caused to flow through first and second density sensors arranged in series. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for recycling cracked hydrocarbons
Processes and apparatuses are disclosed for catalytically cracking hydrocarbons comprising hydrotreating a residual feed stream and a recycle cracked stream comprising an oil to provide a hydrotreated effluent stream. The hydrotreated effluent stream is separated to provide a fcc feed stream and a distillate stream. ... Uop Llc
Process for increasing xylene isomer to benzene ratio
Apparatuses and processes are provided for regulating c7 and c8 feed to an aromatics complex to increase the ratio of a selected xylene isomer to benzene ratio. Reformate may be split into three cuts in a splitter column. ... Uop Llc
Process for purifying hydrocarbon streams using low reactivity adsorbents
. . This present disclosure relates to processes for removing contaminants from hydrocarbon streams, e.g. Removing chlorides, co2, cos, h2s, ash3, methanol, mercaptans and other s- or o-containing organic compounds from olefins, paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes and other hydrocarbon streams. ... Uop Llc
Processes and compositions for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex
This present disclosure relates to processes and compositions for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a process for producing paraxylene which includes alkylating a toluene stream and a methanol stream in a toluene methylation zone operating under toluene methylation conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising a mfi crystal to produce a toluene methylation product stream.. ... Uop Llc
Ultra low pressure continuous catalyst transfer without lock hopper
An apparatus is presented for the transferring of catalyst from an upstream vessel to a downstream vessel. The apparatus includes a non-mechanical valve and a transfer line, wherein a lift gas provides for carrying catalyst through the transfer line. ... Uop Llc
Reactor and heater configuration synergies in paraffin dehydrogenation process
An apparatus for heating a process fluid is presented. The apparatus is for improving the foot-print of a fired heater and to reduce the fired heater volume. ... Uop Llc
Alternative coil for fired process heater
An apparatus for a fired heater is presented. The fired heater is designed with a plurality of process coils inside a shell, and with a positioning of the burners for reducing the size of the fired heater. ... Uop Llc
Film temperature optimizer for fired process heaters
A fired heater with a film temperature optimizer is presented. The fired heater is for heating a process fluid in process coils within the fired heater. ... Uop Llc
Process for using and composition of iron, molybdenum and particulate carbon catalyst for slurry hydrocracking
A process and catalyst is disclosed for converting heavy hydrocarbon feed into lighter hydrocarbon products using multifunctional catalysts. Multifunctional catalysts enable use of less expensive metal by substituting expensive metals for less expensive metals with no loss or superior performance in slurry hydrocracking. ... Uop Llc
Process for using iron and molybdenum catalyst for slurry hydrocracking
A process and catalyst is disclosed for converting heavy hydrocarbon feed into lighter hydrocarbon products using multifunctional catalysts. Multifunctional catalysts enable use of less expensive metal by substituting expensive metals for less expensive metals with no loss or superior performance in slurry hydrocracking. ... Uop Llc
Methods for catalyst stripping
A process is disclosed for an improved catalyst stripping process. The stripping vessel is divided into two zones. ... Uop Llc
Zeolitic materials with modified surface composition, crystal structure, crystal size, and/or porosity, methods for making the same, and methods for converting oxygenates to olefins via reactions catalyzed by the same
Zeolitic materials with modified surface composition, crystal structure, crystal or particle size, and/or porosity, methods for making the same, and methods for converting oxygenates to olefins using the same are provided herein. In an exemplary embodiment, a method for reducing a surface silicon content of a silicon-containing zeolitic material is provided that includes providing a silicon-containing zeolitic material; and contacting the silicon-containing zeolitic material with a modifying solution comprising one or more of an amine, an alcoholamine, and an amino acid. ... Uop Llc
Reactor and heater configuration synergies in paraffin dehydrogenation process
An apparatus for heating a process fluid is presented. The apparatus is for improving the foot-print of a fired heater and to reduce the fired heater volume. ... Uop Llc
Tapered conduits for reactors
An apparatus is provided for directing a fluid in a radial reactor comprising: a vertically elongated conduit comprising a front face comprising a surface comprising apertures, two side faces, and a rear face and two ends, wherein an end of the front face and an end of the rear face are a distance d1 apart and wherein a second opposite end of the front face and a second corresponding end of the rear face are a distance d2 apart wherein d1 is greater than d2 and wherein a riser are connected to a top surface of said vertically elongated conduit to allow a gas stream to flow through the riser to the vertically elongated conduit.. . ... Uop Llc
Chemically and uv cross-linked high selectivity polyimide membranes for gas separations
This invention discloses a membrane composition, a method of making, and applications for a new type of high selectivity, high plasticization-resistant and solvent-resistant, both chemically and uv cross-linked polyimide membranes. Gas permeation tests on these membranes demonstrated that they not only showed high selectivities, but also showed extremely high co2 plasticization resistance under co2 pressure up to 4923 kpa (700 psig). ... Uop Llc
High selectivity copolyimide membranes for separations
The present invention discloses high selectivity copolyimide membranes for gas, vapor, and liquid separations. Gas permeation tests on these copolyimide membranes demonstrated that they not only showed high selectivity for co2/ch4 separation, but also showed extremely high selectivities for h2/ch4 and he/ch4 separations. ... Uop Llc
Identifying and implementing refinery or petrochemical plant process performance improvements
. . A refinery or petrochemical plant may include a fractionation column and related equipment, such as one or more condensers, receivers, reboilers, feed exchangers, and pumps. The equipment may have boundaries or thresholds of operating parameters based on existing limits and/or operating conditions. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for selectively hydrogenating diolefins
The present invention discloses a process and apparatus for selectively hydrogenating diolefins in a cracked stream. The method combines a conversion unit and a recovery section. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for removal of heavy polynuclear aromatics in a hydrocracking process
Processes and apparatuses are disclosed for removing heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds from a hydrocracked stream comprising passing at least a portion of the hydrocracked stream to a fractionation column to provide a plurality of fractionator product streams and a fractionator bottoms stream comprising unconverted hydrocarbons. A first stream and a second stream are taken from the fractionator bottoms stream. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for recovery of ethylene from hydrocarbons
Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for recovery of ethylene from fcc absorber off-gas comprising a heavy cut comprising ethylene, ethane and heavier hydrocarbons and a light cut comprising hydrogen, nitrogen and methane. An exemplary method includes passing the fcc absorber off-gas to an adsorption zone containing an adsorbent selective for the adsorption of the light cut, the adsorption zone adsorbing at least a portion of the light cut and recovering an adsorption zone effluent stream comprising the heavy cut. ... Uop Llc
Ultra low pressure continuous catalyst transfer with lock hopper
An apparatus is presented for the transferring of catalyst from an upstream vessel to a downstream vessel. The apparatus includes a non-mechanical valve and a transfer line, wherein a lift gas provides for carrying catalyst through the transfer line. ... Uop Llc
Dual layer-coated membranes for gas separations
The invention discloses dual layer-coated membranes and methods for making and using these membranes. The dual layer-coated membranes have a relatively porous and substantial void-containing selective asymmetric membrane support, a first coating layer comprising a hydrogel, and a second coating layer comprising a hydrophobic fluoropolymer. ... Uop Llc
Reactor effluent wash to remove aromatics
A process is presented for the removal or aromatics from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is generated by a dehydrogenation process that generates aromatics. ... Uop Llc
Process for using molybdenum and particulate carbon catalyst for slurry hydrocracking
A process and catalyst is disclosed for converting heavy hydrocarbon feed into lighter hydrocarbon products using multifunctional catalysts. Multifunctional catalysts enable use of less expensive metal by substituting expensive metals for less expensive metals with no loss or superior performance in slurry hydrocracking. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for isomerizing hydrocarbons
Processes and apparatuses for isomerizing hydrocarbons are provided. In an embodiment, a process for isomerizing hydrocarbons includes providing a first hydrocarbon feed that includes hydrocarbons having from 5 to 7 carbon atoms. ... Uop Llc
Process for using iron and particulate carbon catalyst for slurry hydrocracking
A process and catalyst is disclosed for converting heavy hydrocarbon feed into lighter hydrocarbon products using multifunctional catalysts. Multifunctional catalysts enable use of less expensive metal by substituting expensive metals for less expensive metals with no loss or superior performance in slurry hydrocracking. ... Uop Llc
Pyrolytic reactor and method of using
Methods and apparatus to produce alkynes are described. The method includes combusting fuel and an oxidizer in a combustion zone to create a carrier gas stream, which is accelerated to supersonic speed in an expansion zone. ... Uop Llc
Pressure swing adsorption process and apparatus for purifying a hydrogen-containing gas stream
Process and apparatuses for purifying a feed stream containing co2 and predominantly hydrogen are provided. In an embodiment, the process includes passing the feed stream through a multilayer adsorbent bed comprising a first adsorbent section, a second adsorbent section downstream from the first adsorbent section and a third adsorbent section downstream from the second adsorbent section. ... Uop Llc
Process for increasing hydrocarbon yield from catalytic reformer
A reforming reactor and process of using same in which residence time of feed within a chamber of a reactor is shortened. Feed is injected into the reactor into a non-reactive zone. ... Uop Llc
Hydrogenation method
The present subject matter relates generally to methods for treating an organic feed. More specifically, the present subject matter relates to methods for reducing the water content of an organic feed before the organic feed enters a hydrogenation zone, thereby by improving the activity, conversion, and life of the hydrogenation catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Compound bed design with additional regeneration steps for removal of various sulfur species from lighter hydrocarbon streams containing trace levels of olefins
A process is provided to remove impurities including water, mercaptans, carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide from hydrocarbon streams containing from 100 to 900 ppm light olefins. In the process, a compound bed containing multiple layers of molecular sieves is used to remove the specific impurities. ... Uop Llc
Halometallate ionic liquid micro-emulsions
A micro-emulsion and a method of making the micro-emulsion are described. The micro-emulsion composition includes more than about 50 vol % of an oil phase and polar structures. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for hydrocracking and hydroisomerizing a hydrocarbon stream
A process and apparatus for quenching a hydrocracked stream to prepare it for hydroisomerization. A fractionated hydroisomerized stream is recycled to quench a hot hydrocracked stream prior to hydroisomerization. ... Uop Llc
Modular crude refining process
A crude distillation and refining process and apparatus enables modular supply of the crude distillation column. Crude oil may be heated and then separated into only two liquid products in the crude distillation column. ... Uop Llc
High performance facilitated transport membranes for olefin/paraffin separations
A high performance facilitated transport membrane comprising a metal cation exchanged/chelated carboxylic acid functional group containing functional polyimide, a method of making this a membrane, and the use of this membrane for olefin/paraffin separations, particularly for propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane separations. The facilitated transport membrane has either an asymmetric integrally skinned membrane structure or a thin film composite membrane structure, wherein the top selective layer of the membrane comprises a metal cation exchanged/chelated carboxylic acid functional group containing functional polyimide.. ... Uop Llc
Stable facilitated transport membranes for olefin/paraffin separations
A stable high performance facilitated transport membrane comprising an asymmetric integrally-skinned polymeric membrane wherein the pores on the relatively porous, thin, dense skin layer of the membrane comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as chitosan or sodium alginate, a metal salt such as silver nitrate, or a mixture of a metal salt such as silver nitrate and hydrogen peroxide and the asymmetric integrally-skinned polymeric membrane comprises a relatively porous, thin, dense skin layer as characterized by a co2 permeance of at least 200 gpu and a co2 over ch4 selectivity between 1.1 and 10 at 50° c. Under 50-1000 psig, 10% co2/90% ch4 mixed gas feed pressure. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for production of polypropylene
Processes and apparatuses for the production of propylene are provided. In an embodiment, a process is provided for production of propylene from an oxygenate feed comprising passing the oxygenate feed to an oxygenate-to-olefin reactor to contact the oxygenate feed with a catalyst to provide an effluent stream comprising olefins comprising ethylene, propylene and butylene. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon stream in two stages with aromatic saturation
A process and apparatus for two stage hydrocracking saturates aromatics from the first stage hydrocracking unit to prevent production of hpna's. The saturated hpna's can be hydrocracked in the second stage to minimize or eliminate purged unconverted oil to approach or obtain maximum conversion. ... Uop Llc
Two-step membrane system with ejector
The present invention involves the use of a two-step membrane system for gas separations. In this two-step membrane system, the membrane system comprises high selectivity and high permeance membranes. ... Uop Llc
High selectivity facilitated transport membranes and their use for olefin/paraffin separations
This invention provides a new facilitated transport membrane comprising a relatively hydrophilic, very small pore, nanoporous support membrane, a hydrophilic polymer inside the very small nanopores on the skin layer surface of the support membrane, a thin, nonporous, hydrophilic polymer layer coated on the surface of the support membrane, and metal salts incorporated in the hydrophilic polymer layer coated on the surface of the support membrane and the hydrophilic polymer inside the very small nanopores, a method of making this membrane, and the use of this membrane for olefin/paraffin separations, particularly for c3=/c3 and c2=/c2 separations.. . ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for removing benzene for gasoline blending
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for transforming feedstock with high levels of benzene into a low-benzene content product that is suitable for gasoline blending. The benzene rich reformate stream is split in a reformate splitter and the benzene in the benzene rich reformate is saturated in a benzene saturation unit and the gases like hydrogen and lpg are recovered.. ... Uop Llc
Liquid phase isomar process integration
Processes and apparatuses for producing a c8 aromatic isomer product are provided. The process comprises introducing a reformate stream comprising aromatic hydrocarbons to a reformate splitter column to provide a plurality of streams. ... Uop Llc
Solvent recycle from heavies removal column
. . . . . . . . A process is presented for the recovery of solvent used in an alkylation process. The solvent removes heavy hydrocarbons from a c4 stream. ... Uop Llc
Preferential removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water
A composition, process and apparatuses for removal of one or more contaminant anions from water are provided. In an embodiment, the process includes treating the water with a composition comprising a layered metal hydroxy salt, wherein the layered metal hydroxy salt is a compound comprising (a) a metal (b) a framework hydroxide, and (c) a replaceable anion.. ... Uop Llc
Reforming process with improved heater integration
A method and apparatus for processing a hydrocarbon stream are described. The method includes heating a feed stream in a convective bank. ... Uop Llc
Cleansing system for a feed composition based on environmental factors
A cleansing system for improving operation of a petrochemical plant or refinery. The petrochemical plant or refinery may include a fractionation column, a condenser, and a pump. ... Uop Llc
Scallop assembly and reactor
A radial flow reactor is described. It includes a vertically extending vessel, an outer conduit, and a central conduit. ... Uop Llc
Re-direction of vapor flow across tubular condensers
Vapor flow-diverting devices that re-direct upwardly flowing vapor, for example, in a downward direction across condenser tubes disposed in the upper or top section of a vapor-liquid contacting apparatus, are described. These devices are particularly beneficial in tubular condensers within distillation columns and may be used in combination with other associated equipment (e.g., a deflector plate and divider plate) as well as in combination with the tube surface enhancements to improve the heat transfer coefficient.. ... Uop Llc
Non-stripping bioreactor for biological sulfide oxidation from wastewaters and groundwaters containing hydrogen sulfide
A method is presented for biological removal of contaminants like sulfide from ground waters and industrial waters. A portion of the bioreactor effluent water is recycled to the bioreactor and the sulfide oxidizing bacteria by biological oxidation oxidizes sulfides in the water to produce soluble sulfates. ... Uop Llc
Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor
Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. ... Uop Llc
Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor
Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. ... Uop Llc
Process for recovering hydrogen and liquefied petroleum gas from gaseous streams
A process for recovery hydrogen and lpg from a gaseous separated hydroprocessed stream and a stripper gaseous stream and/or a fractionator gaseous stream by increasing the pressure of the stripper gaseous stream and/or the fractionator gaseous stream. Both streams or all three streams can be subjected to sponge absorption and hydrogen recovery in series.. ... Uop Llc
Methods and apparatuses for phenol fractionation in a single dividing wall column
This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for use of a single dividing wall distillation column for phenol fractionation. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for phenol fractionation by combining crude acetone column and cumene-ams column into a single dividing wall distillation column. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for hydrotreating stripped overhead naphtha
An apparatus and process for hydrodesulfurizing hydroprocessed naphtha from an overhead stream of a product fractionation column and/or from an overhead stream of a product stripping column in which an overhead stream may be condensed and fed to a post treat hydrodesulfurization reactor. Hydrogen may be supplied from an upstream separator for separating the hydroprocessed stream. ... Uop Llc
Process and apparatus for hydrotreating fractionated overhead naphtha
An apparatus and process for hydrodesulfurizing hydroprocessed naphtha from an overhead stream of a product fractionation column and/or from an overhead stream of a product stripping column in which an overhead stream may be condensed and fed to a post treat hydrodesulfurization reactor. Hydrogen may be supplied from an upstream separator for separating the hydroprocessed stream. ... Uop Llc
Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor
Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. ... Uop Llc
Reforming catalysts with tuned acidity for maximum aromatics yield
One exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure can be a catalyst for catalytic reforming of naphtha. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst for the catalytic reforming of gasoline-range hydrocarbons that results in increased aromatics production. ... Uop Llc
Process for producing a diesel fuel by oligomerization
. . . . . . Processes for oligomerizing olefins to produce diesel. The oligomerization zone temperature is controlled to counteract catalyst deactivation caused by coking, by contaminants such as cyclo c5 and/or cyclo c6 hydrocarbons, or both. ... Uop Llc
Methods and apparatuses for reforming of hydrocarbons including recovery of products using an absorption zone
Embodiments of apparatuses and methods for reforming of hydrocarbons including recovery of products are provided. In one example, a method comprises separating a reforming-zone effluent to form a net gas phase stream and a liquid phase hydrocarbon stream. ... Uop Llc
Processes and apparatuses for production of olefins
Processes and apparatuses for the production of olefins are provided. In an embodiment, a process for production of a process is provided for increasing light olefin yield comprising passing a hydrocarbon feedstream comprising paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons to a catalytic reforming unit. ... Uop Llc
Steady state high temperature reactor
A reactor comprising a thermal barrier surrounding a combustion zone. The reactor further comprises a cooling jacket inner wall and a binder disposed between the cooling jacket inner wall and the thermal barrier, and a cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the cooling jacket inner wall and the cooling jacket outer wall define a cooling channel. ... Uop Llc
Process for producing diesel from a hydrocarbon stream
A process and apparatus are disclosed for hydrocracking a hydrocarbon feed in a hydrocracking unit and hydrotreating a vaporous hydrocracked stream. The hydrotreated effluent stream can be separated and stripped to produce a ulsd stream fit for storage without further processing. ... Uop Llc
Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor
Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. ... Uop Llc
Alkylation system and a process for cooling a vent stream
One exemplary embodiment can be a process for cooling a vent stream from a receiver. Generally, the process may include providing a refrigerant including at least one compound contained in the receiver so the refrigerant leaking into the receiver can be compatible with the process.. ... Uop Llc
Methods for reducing flue gas emissions from fluid catalytic cracking unit regenerators
Methods for reducing flue gas particulate emissions from fluid catalytic cracking unit regenerators are provided. In one embodiment, a method for reducing flue gas particulate emissions from an fcc unit regenerator includes the steps of combining biochar with a hydrocarbon feedstock to generate a biochar-containing feedstock and contacting the biochar-containing feedstock with an fcc catalyst. ... Uop Llc
Integration of n-c4/n-c4=/bd separation system for on-purpose butadiene synthesis
A process for the production of butadiene is presented. The process combines the separation of butenes and butadienes extracted from a non-oxidated dehydrogenation process with the separation of butenes and butadienes from an oxidative dehydrogenation process to increase the butadiene yields and reduce the equipment for the recovery of a butadiene product.. ... Uop Llc
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